Jainism is an ancient Indian religion that became prominent in the 6th century BCE. Its most important teacher was Mahavira, the 24th Tirthankara. Jainism stresses non-violence and self-discipline, and is a common topic in history sections of exams.
Life of Mahavira
Mahavira was born as Vardhamana in 540 BCE at Kundagrama near Vaishali. His father was Siddhartha and mother was Trishala. He left home at the age of 30 and attained Kaivalya (highest knowledge) after long penance. He was called Jina (the conqueror), from which the word Jain comes. He died at Pavapuri in 468 BCE.
The Tirthankaras
Jainism has 24 Tirthankaras. The first was Rishabhanatha (Adinatha) and the 23rd was Parshvanatha, who lived before Mahavira. Mahavira was the 24th and last Tirthankara.
Five Vows (Pancha Mahavrata)
- Ahimsa – non-violence.
- Satya – truth.
- Asteya – non-stealing.
- Aparigraha – non-possession.
- Brahmacharya – celibacy (added by Mahavira).
Sects and Texts
Jainism is divided into two sects: the Digambara (sky-clad) and the Svetambara (white-clad). The sacred texts are the Agamas. The triple path to liberation is called the Triratna: right faith, right knowledge and right conduct.
Quick Revision Points
- Mahavira was the 24th Tirthankara of Jainism.
- Born at Kundagrama; died at Pavapuri.
- First Tirthankara: Rishabhanatha; 23rd: Parshvanatha.
- Five vows include Ahimsa and Brahmacharya.
- Two sects: Digambara and Svetambara.
- Liberation path is the Triratna.
- Jain texts are the Agamas.