The arrival of European powers in India began at the end of the 15th century for the spice trade. Over time, these trading companies turned into political powers, leading to British rule. This topic is important for understanding the start of colonial history.
The Portuguese
The Portuguese were the first Europeans to reach India by sea. Vasco da Gama arrived at Calicut in 1498. Francisco de Almeida and Alfonso de Albuquerque were important governors. The Portuguese made Goa their main base. Goa, Daman and Diu remained Portuguese until 1961.
The Dutch
The Dutch East India Company was formed in 1602. They set up factories at places like Pulicat and Surat. They were mainly interested in trade in spices and textiles but later lost out to the English.
The English
The English East India Company was formed in 1600 under a charter from Queen Elizabeth I. They set up trading centres at Surat, Madras, Bombay and Calcutta. The English gradually became the most powerful European trading power in India.
The French
The French East India Company was set up in 1664. Their main base was Pondicherry. Under Dupleix, the French competed with the English. The Anglo-French rivalry led to the Carnatic Wars, which the British finally won.
Quick Revision Points
- Portuguese were the first Europeans in India.
- Vasco da Gama reached Calicut in 1498.
- Portuguese base was Goa.
- English East India Company formed in 1600.
- French base was Pondicherry.
- Dupleix led the French in India.
- The Carnatic Wars were won by the British.