The Indian National Congress (INC) was the main organisation of the Indian freedom struggle. It was founded in 1885 and later led the movement for independence. Its formation, founders and early sessions are common exam topics.
Founding of the Congress
The INC was founded by Allan Octavian Hume, a retired British civil servant, in 1885. The first session was held in Bombay in December 1885. Its first president was Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee (W.C. Bonnerjee). The first session was attended by 72 delegates.
The Safety Valve Theory
Some historians describe the early Congress as a safety valve meant to allow educated Indians to express their views peacefully. Others see it as a genuine platform for national demands. For exams, remember Hume's role and the year 1885.
Early Leaders and Moderates
The early phase (1885-1905) is called the Moderate Phase. Leaders believed in petitions, prayers and constitutional methods.
- Dadabhai Naoroji, known as the Grand Old Man of India, gave the Drain of Wealth theory.
- Gopal Krishna Gokhale was a moderate leader and mentor of Gandhi.
- Surendranath Banerjee was an early nationalist leader.
Demands of the Moderates
The moderates asked for Indian representation in councils, reform of the civil services and reduction of military spending. Their methods were peaceful and aimed at gaining reforms within British rule.
Quick Revision Points
- INC founded in 1885 by A.O. Hume.
- First session held in Bombay.
- First President: W.C. Bonnerjee.
- First session had 72 delegates.
- Early phase (1885-1905) is the Moderate Phase.
- Dadabhai Naoroji gave the Drain of Wealth theory.
- Gokhale was the political guru of Mahatma Gandhi.