The Non-Cooperation Movement was the first mass movement led by Mahatma Gandhi against British rule. It ran from 1920 to 1922 and used non-violent methods. This movement is a key topic in modern Indian history.
Causes of the Movement
Three main events caused widespread anger:
- The Rowlatt Act (1919), which allowed arrest without trial.
- The Jallianwala Bagh massacre (13 April 1919) in Amritsar.
- The Khilafat issue, which united Hindus and Muslims against the British.
How the Movement Worked
Gandhi asked Indians to refuse cooperation with the British. People surrendered titles, boycotted schools, courts and foreign cloth, and promoted Swadeshi and khadi. The movement was launched in 1920 and was based on non-violence (Ahimsa).
The Chauri Chaura Incident
On 5 February 1922, at Chauri Chaura in Uttar Pradesh, a violent mob set fire to a police station, killing several policemen. Shocked by the violence, Gandhi called off the movement in February 1922.
Importance of the Movement
The movement turned the freedom struggle into a mass movement involving peasants, workers and students. It showed the power of non-violent resistance and made Gandhi the central leader of the national movement.
Quick Revision Points
- Non-Cooperation Movement: 1920-1922.
- Led by Mahatma Gandhi.
- Causes: Rowlatt Act, Jallianwala Bagh, Khilafat issue.
- Based on non-violence and Swadeshi.
- Chauri Chaura incident on 5 February 1922.
- Movement called off in February 1922.
- First mass movement of the freedom struggle.