The Himalayas are the youngest and highest mountains in the world. They were formed by the collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates. These fold mountains protect India from cold winds and influence the monsoon, making them important for geography exams.
Three Main Ranges
- Himadri (Greater Himalayas) - the highest range with peaks like Mount Everest and Kanchenjunga.
- Himachal (Lesser Himalayas) - has hill stations like Shimla, Mussoorie and Darjeeling.
- Shiwalik (Outer Himalayas) - the lowest range, with valleys called Duns.
Important Peaks
- Mount Everest - the highest peak in the world (in Nepal).
- Kanchenjunga - the highest peak in India (Sikkim).
- Nanda Devi, Nanga Parbat and Annapurna are other major peaks.
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Regional Divisions
From west to east, the Himalayas are divided into:
- Punjab Himalayas (between Indus and Sutlej).
- Kumaon Himalayas (between Sutlej and Kali).
- Nepal Himalayas (between Kali and Tista).
- Assam Himalayas (between Tista and Dihang).
Important Passes
Passes help in trade and travel. Major ones include the Nathula and Jelep La (Sikkim), Shipki La (Himachal) and Zoji La (Ladakh).
Quick Revision Points
- The Himalayas are the youngest fold mountains.
- Three ranges: Himadri, Himachal, Shiwalik.
- Mount Everest is the highest peak in the world.
- Kanchenjunga is the highest peak in India.
- Valleys in the Shiwalik are called Duns.
- Zoji La and Nathula are important passes.
- The Himalayas influence India's monsoon.