The Maratha Empire was a major Indian power that rose in the 17th century and challenged the Mughals. It was founded by Chhatrapati Shivaji, a brave and able leader. The Marathas are an important part of medieval Indian history for exams.
Rise of Shivaji
Shivaji was born in 1630 at Shivneri Fort. His father was Shahji Bhonsle and mother was Jijabai. He built a strong kingdom in the Deccan and was crowned Chhatrapati at Raigad in 1674. He fought the Mughals and the Bijapur Sultanate, and famously killed the Bijapur general Afzal Khan.
Administration
Shivaji set up an efficient government. He was helped by a council of eight ministers called the Ashtapradhan. The chief minister was the Peshwa. He developed a strong navy and a network of forts. His army used guerrilla warfare, known as Ganimi Kava.
The Peshwas
After Shivaji, the real power shifted to the Peshwas, who became hereditary chief ministers. Under Bajirao I, Maratha power expanded greatly across India. The Marathas became the strongest power in 18th century India.
Decline
Maratha power suffered a major blow in the Third Battle of Panipat (1761), when they were defeated by Ahmad Shah Abdali. They recovered for a while but were finally weakened by the Anglo-Maratha Wars against the British.
Quick Revision Points
- Maratha Empire founded by Shivaji.
- Shivaji born at Shivneri Fort in 1630.
- Crowned Chhatrapati at Raigad in 1674.
- Council of ministers was the Ashtapradhan.
- Used guerrilla warfare (Ganimi Kava).
- Later power held by the Peshwas.
- Defeated in the Third Battle of Panipat, 1761.