Latest Polity articles & notes for all competitive exams.
Union Territories explained - why UTs exist, the 8 UTs and their heads, Article 239 and the administrator, Puducherry under Article 239A, Delhi under Article 239AA, Articles 240 and 241, and High Court links, with 15 previous year questions.
Judicial review and PIL explained - meaning, Articles 13, 32 and 226, Marbury v. Madison, the basic structure cases, locus standi and epistolary jurisdiction, the pioneers and key PIL cases, criticism and judicial activism, with 15 previous year questions.
Lok Adalat and legal aid explained - Article 39A, the Legal Services Authorities Act 1987, NALSA and its structure, who gets free legal aid, features of Lok Adalat awards, Permanent Lok Adalats and Gram Nyayalayas, with 15 previous year questions.
State Public Service Commissions explained - Articles 315 to 323, appointment by the Governor, removal by the President, 6-year term and age 62, independence safeguards, functions and the Joint State PSC, with a comparison table and 15 previous year questions.
NCSC, NCST and NCBC explained - Articles 338, 338A and 338B, the 65th, 89th, 102nd and 105th Amendments, members, appointment, duties and powers, and the Kaka Kalelkar and Mandal Commissions under Article 340, with 15 previous year questions.
CVC and CBI explained - the Santhanam Committee, CVC Act 2003, members, appointment, term and functions of the CVC, the CBI's origin in 1963 and the DSPE Act 1946, the Director's appointment and tenure, with a comparison table and 15 previous year questions.
Cooperative societies explained - the 97th Amendment Act 2011, Article 19(1)(c), Article 43B, Part IXB Articles 243ZH to 243ZT, board and audit rules, the 2021 Rajendra N. Shah case and the history from 1904 to Amul, with 15 previous year questions.
Inter-State relations explained - Article 262 river water disputes and the 1956 Acts, the Inter-State Council under Article 263, the five Zonal Councils, the North Eastern Council, full faith and credit and free trade, with 15 previous year questions.
Pressure groups explained - meaning, difference from political parties, Almond's four types, business, trade union, farmer, professional and student groups, methods, role and criticism, and social movements like Chipko and Narmada Bachao Andolan, with 15 previous year questions.